What did Newton get wrong that Einstein got right, and what did Einstein get wrong that later physicists got right?

Isaac Newton, a pioneer in classical mechanics, proposed the concept of absolute time, believing it flowed uniformly for everyone. However, Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized this notion. Einstein demonstrated that time is relative, varying depending on one's speed and gravity's influence. This profound shift laid the groundwork for modern physics.

Einstein's groundbreaking work extended to his explanation of the photoelectric effect, contributing to quantum theory. Yet, Einstein himself had reservations about quantum mechanics, famously stating, "God does not play dice." Quantum physics, with its probabilistic nature, challenged his deterministic worldview. Einstein disagreed with aspects like entanglement, hoping for a more complete theory.

Subsequent physicists, building on Einstein's legacy, refined and expanded quantum mechanics. They embraced the probabilistic nature Einstein questioned, ultimately forming a more comprehensive understanding. Notably, developments like quantum field theory and the Standard Model integrated quantum mechanics into a coherent framework, overcoming Einstein's reservations and advancing our comprehension of the subatomic realm. In this way, the scientific journey unfolded, with each step refining our grasp of the universe.